Alternative Feeds; Feed Efficiency; Growth Performance; Physiological Components; Poultry Chicken

Alagawany, M., Elnesr, S., Farag, M., Tiwari, R., Yatoo, M., Karthik, K., Michalak, I., & Dhama, K. (2020). Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review. The Veterinary Quarterly. 41 (1): 1-29. DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887

Alhotan, R. (2021). Commercial poultry feed formulation: current status, challenges, and future expectations. World's Poultry Science Journal. 77 (2): 279-299. DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1891400

Amir-Behghadami, M., & Janati, A. (2020). Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews. Emergency Medicine Journal. 37 (6): 387-387. DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2020-209567

Bailey, C. (2020). Precision poultry nutrition and feed formulation. Animal Agriculture. (1): 367-378. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-817052-6.00021-5

Barrington, M. J., D’Souza, R. S., Mascha, E. J., Narouze, S., & Kelley, G. A. (2024). Systematic reviews and meta-analyses in regional anesthesia and pain medicine (Part I): Guidelines for preparing the review protocol. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 138(2), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000006573

Bedford, M. R., & Apajalahti, J. H. (2022). The role of feed enzymes in maintaining poultry intestinal health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 102 (5): 1759-1770. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11670

Bedford, M. R., Svihus, B., & Cowieson, A. J. (2024). Dietary fibre effects and the interplay with exogenous carbohydrases in poultry nutrition. Animal Nutrition. 16 (1): 231-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.007

Belhadj Slimen, I., Yerou, H., Ben Larbi, M., M’Hamdi, N., & Najar, T. (2023). Insects as an alternative protein source for poultry nutrition: a review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 10 (1): 1200031. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1200031

Bramer, W. M., De Jonge, G. B., Rethlefsen, M. L., Mast, F., & Kleijnen, J. (2018). A systematic approach to searching: an efficient and complete method to develop literature searches. Journal of the Medical Library Association. 106 (4): 531-541. DOI: 10.5195/jmla.2018.283

Cao, K., Deng, Z., Li, S., Yi, D., He, X., Yang, X., Guo, Y., & Sun, L. (2024). Poultry Nutrition: Achievement, Challenge and Strategy. The Journal of Nutrition. (1): 1-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.10.030

Chrystal, P., Moss, A., Khoddami, A., Naranjo, V., Selle, P., & Liu, S. (2019). Effects of reduced crude protein levels, dietary electrolyte balance, and energy density on the performance of broiler chickens offered maize-based diets with evaluations of starch, protein, and amino acid metabolism. Poultry Science. 99 (3): 1421-1431. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.060

Das, G., Sharma, A., & Sarkar, P. K. (2022). Conventional and emerging processing techniques for the post-harvest reduction of antinutrients in edible legumes. Applied Food Research. 2 (1): 100112. DOI: 10.1016/j.afres.2022.100112

Elahi, U., Xu, C. C., Wang, J., Lin, J., Wu, S. G., Zhang, H. J., & Qi, G. H. (2022). Insect meal as a feed ingredient for poultry. Animal Bioscience. 35 (2): 332-346. DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0435

Fatmawaty, & Harun. (2025). Pengaruh Pakan Alternatif Berbasis Tanaman Lokal Terhadap Kinerja Ternak Ayam Kampung. Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Indonesia (JIPENA). 2 (1): 311. DOI: 10.70134/jipena.v2i1.311

Gasco, L., Biancarosa, I., & Liland, N. S. (2020). From waste to feed: A review of recent knowledge on insects as producers of protein and fat for animal feeds. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. 23 (1): 67-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.03.003

Gasco, L., Biasato, I., Dabbou, S., Schiavone, A., & Gai, F. (2019). Animals Fed Insect-Based Diets: State-of-the-Art on Digestibility, Performance and Product Quality. Animals. 9 (4): 170. DOI: 10.3390/ani9040170

Georganas, A., Giamouri, E., Pappas, A., Zoidis, E., Goliomytis, M., & Simitzis, P. (2023). Utilization of Agro-Industrial By-Products for Sustainable Poultry Production. Sustainability. 15 (4): 3679. DOI: 10.3390/su15043679

Getahun, A., Kechero, Y., Yemane, N., Dessie, T., & Esatu, W. (2025). Nutritional evaluation and potential of locally available alternative feed resources for sustainable poultry production: a case study of smallholder farms in central and Southern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 57 (1): 1-18. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-025-04549-7

He, W., Li, P., & Wu, G. (2021). Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1285 (1): 109-131. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7

Igwemmar, N., Kolawole, S., Omoniyi, A., Bwai, D., Fagbohun, A., & Falayi, O. (2022). Proximate Composition and Metabolizable Energy of Some Commercial Poultry Feeds Available in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 26 (10): 1643-1647. DOI: 10.4314/jasem.v26i10.9

Iheukwumere, I., Iheukwumere, C., Idigo, M., & Ezekwueche, S. (2025). Fermented Chicken Feather as a Sustainable Feed Ingredient: Effects on Broiler Chick Health and Growth. IPS Interdisciplinary Journal of Biological Sciences. 4 (4): 84. DOI: 10.54117/iijbs.v4i4.84

Jha, R., & Mishra, P. (2021). Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 12 (1): 51. DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0

Kanyama, C., Ngosa, M., Sibanda, T., Moss, A., & Crowley, T. (2024). Rural Poultry Farming: Leveraging Higher Poultry Input Costs to Grow Zambia’s Indigenous Chicken Sector. Poultry. 3 (4): 368-385. DOI: 10.3390/poultry3040029

Katu, J., Tóth, T., & Varga, L. (2025). Enhancing the Nutritional Quality of Low-Grade Poultry Feed Ingredients Through Fermentation: A Review. Agriculture. 15 (5): 476. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture15050476

Kpomasse, C., Kouame, Y., N’nanle, O., Houndonougbo, F., Tona, K., & Oke, O. (2023). The productivity and resilience of the indigenous chickens in the tropical environments: improvement and future perspectives. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 51 (1): 456-469. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2228374

Li, Y., R., Qi, R., Li, H., Li, J., Liu, W., Wan, Y., Li, S., Sun, Z., Xu, J., & Zhan, K. (2024). Novel insight into the feed conversion ratio in laying hens and construction of its prediction model. Poultry Science. 103 (8): 104013. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104013

Manyelo, T. G., Selaledi, L., Hassan, Z. M., & Mabelebele, M. (2020). Local Chicken Breeds of Africa: Their Description, Uses and Conservation Methods. Animals. 10 (12): 2257. DOI: 10.3390/ani10122257

Menchetti, L., Birolo, M., Mugnai, C., Mancinelli, A., Xiccato, G., Trocino, A., & Castellini, C. (2024). Effect of genotype and nutritional and environmental challenges on growth curve dynamics of broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 103 (9): 104095. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104095

Moss, A. F., Chrystal, P. V., Cadogan, D. J., Wilkinson, S. J., Crowley, T. M., & Choct, M. (2021). Precision feeding and precision nutrition: a paradigm shift in broiler feed formulation?. Animal Bioscience. 34 (3): 354-362. DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0034

Mujyambere, V., Adomako, K., Olympio, S., Ntawubizi, M., Nyinawamwiza, L., Mahoro, J., & Conroy, A. (2021). Local chickens in East African region: their production and potential. Poultry Science. 101 (1): 101547. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101547

Mwesigwa, M., Semakula, J., Lusembo, P., Ssenyonjo, J., Isabirye, R., Lumu, R., & Namirimu, T. (2015). Smallholder local chicken production and available feed resources in central Uganda. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 16 (1): 107-113. DOI: 10.4314/ujas.v16i1.9

Oktariansyah, Y., Cahyani, R., & Masito. (2025). Feed Efficiency and Growth Modeling of KUB Chicken: A Comparison Between Commercial and Alternative Feeds. Journal of Natural Sciences. 6 (3): 200-212. DOI: 10.34007/jonas.v6i3.989

Olowoyeye, J. (2025). Biochemical Implications and Strategic Utilization of Alternative Feed Ingredients in Nigerian Poultry Production: Challenges, Gaps, and Future Perspectives. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research. 25 (6): 628. DOI: 10.9734/ajaar/2025/v25i6628

Olukomaiya, O., Fernando, C., Mereddy, R., Li, X., & Sultanbawa, Y. (2019). Solid-state fermented plant protein sources in the diets of broiler chickens: A review. Animal Nutrition. 5 (4): 319-330. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.05.005

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hrõbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., & Moher, D. (2020). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews. 10 (1): 89. DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4

Predescu, N. C., Stefan, G., Rosu, M. P., & Papuc, C. (2024). Fermented Feed in Broiler Diets Reduces the Antinutritional Factors, Improves Productive Performances and Modulates Gut Microbiome—A Review. Agriculture. 14 (10): 1752. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14101752

Quintana-Ospina, G., Alfaro-Wisaquillo, M., Oviedo-Rondón, E. O., Ruiz-Ramirez, J., Bernal-Arango, L., & Martinez-Bernal, G. (2023). Data Analytics of Broiler Growth Dynamics and Feed Conversion Ratio of Broilers Raised to 35 d under Commercial Tropical Conditions. Animals. 13 (15): 2447. DOI: 10.3390/ani13152447

Ramankevich, A., Danko, S., Banaszkiewicz, R., Kasperek, K., & Zięba, G. (2025). Residual Feed Intake as a Behavioral, Nutritional and Economic Criterion in Poultry Production. Animals. 15 (8): 1115. DOI: 10.3390/ani15081115

Ravindran, V., Abdollahi, M., & Tkiewicz, S. (2021). Nutrition and Digestive Physiology of the Broiler Chick: State of the Art and Outlook. Animals. 11 (10): 2795. DOI: 10.3390/ani11102795

Sajid, Q. U. A., Asghar, M. U., Tariq, H., Wilk, M., & Płatek, A. (2023). Insect Meal as an Alternative to Protein Concentrates in Poultry Nutrition with Future Perspectives (An Updated Review). Agriculture. 13 (6): 1239. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13061239

Samtiya, M., Aluko, R. E., & Dhewa, T. (2020). Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: an overview. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition. 2 (1): 6. DOI: 10.1186/s43014-020-0020-5

Sartika, T., Abdurrahman, A., Khasrad, K., Anggraeny, Y. N., & Bakrie, B. (2024). Meat production potential of three superior local chicken strains fed by commercial broilers feed. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2960 (1): 020040. DOI: 10.1063/5.0184179

Selle, P., Macelline, S., Chrystal, P., & Liu, S. (2023). The Contribution of Phytate-Degrading Enzymes to Chicken-Meat Production. Animals. 13 (4): 603. DOI: 10.3390/ani13040603

Simoni, M., Danese, T., Mezzasalma, N., Goi, A., Pitino, R., Mantovani, G., Andrani, M., Costa, A., Plomaritou, A., Ragionieri, L., Tsiplakou, E., Marchi, M., Righi, F., Yıldırım, A., Lotfi, A., Akdağ, A., Guo, W., Simoni, D., & De Marchi Righi Andrani, C. (2025). Effects of antioxidant capacity-based dietary replacement of vitamin E with commercial products containing grape skin–green tea extracts or hydrolyzed wood polyphenols on poultry performance, metabolism, immune-related gene expression, and meat quality. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 (1): 1608147. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1608147

Sinclair-Black, M., García, R., & Ellestad, L. (2023). Physiological regulation of calcium and phosphorus utilization in laying hens. Frontiers in Physiology. 14 (1): 1112499. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1112499

Singh, A. K., & Kim, W. K. (2021). Effects of Dietary Fiber on Nutrients Utilization and Gut Health of Poultry: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Animals. 11 (1): 181. DOI: 10.3390/ani11010181

Tejeda, O., & Kim, W. (2021). Role of Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition. Animals. 11 (2): 461. DOI: 10.3390/ani11020461

Vlaicu, P., Untea, A., & Oancea, A. (2024). Sustainable Poultry Feeding Strategies for Achieving Zero Hunger and Enhancing Food Quality. Agriculture. 14 (10): 1811. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14101811

Wilson, W., Slingerland, M., Oosting, S., Baijukya, F., Smits, A., & Giller, K. (2022). The diversity of smallholder chicken farming in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania reveals a range of underlying production constraints. Poultry Science. 101 (10): 102062. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102062

Wu, S., Choct, M., & Pesti, G. (2019). Historical flaws in bioassays used to generate metabolizable energy values for poultry feed formulation: a critical review. Poultry Science. 99 (1): 385-406. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez511

Yi, Z., Li, X., Luo, W., Xu, Z., Ji, C., Zhang, Y., Nie, Q., Zhang, D., & Zhang, X. (2018). Feed conversion ratio, residual feed intake and cholecystokinin type A receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with feed intake and average daily gain in a Chinese local chicken population. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 9 (1): 50. DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0261-1

Zentek, J., & Boroojeni, F. G. (2020). (Bio)Technological processing of poultry and pig feed: Impact on the composition, digestibility, anti-nutritional factors and hygiene. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 268 (1): 114576. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114576