1. Preserving the Integrity of the Academic Record

Economics, Business and Management Science Journal (EBMSJ) (Online ISSN: 2775-3794) is committed to maintaining the permanence and accuracy of the published scholarly record. In strict compliance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Retraction Guidelines, when significant errors or ethical breaches are identified in a published article, the Editorial Board will issue one of the following formal notices linked via Crossref DOI to the original publication:

2. Correction Notices (Erratum & Corrigendum)

A Correction is issued when a published article contains an honest error (such as a typographical error in a table, an author affiliation mistake, or a minor statistical calculation error) that affects clarity or metadata accuracy but does not invalidate the core findings or conclusions of the study.

• Corrigendum: Issued when an honest error was introduced by the author(s).
• Erratum: Issued when a production or layout error was introduced by the journal during copyediting or typesetting.

3. Expression of Concern

An Expression of Concern is published by the Editor-in-Chief when there is inconclusive evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors, or when an official institutional investigation is underway regarding the reliability of the findings, to alert readers while awaiting a final determination.

4. Article Retraction Policy

A Retraction is reserved for severe breaches that invalidate the scientific reliability or ethical standing of a published article, including:

• Clear evidence that the findings are unreliable due to data fabrication, falsification, or major econometric/analytical miscalculation;
• Substantiated plagiarism, piracy of third-party datasets, or redundant/duplicate publication;
• Compromised or manipulated peer review;
• Unethical research practices or undisclosed major conflicts of interest.

Retraction Procedure: In accordance with COPE standards, a retracted article is not deleted from the journal's website or digital archives. Instead, the PDF is watermarked "RETRACTED", the article title is prefixed with "RETRACTED:", and a formal Retraction Notice stating the specific reasons for retraction and who initiated it is published free of charge and bidirectionally linked to the original article's DOI (10.34007/ebmsj).